ASCP Technologist in Chemistry (C) Practice Exam

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• Which substrate is recommended by the IFCC for amylase testing?
• What is the most commonly employed method of assay for lipase?
• What type of enzyme is amylase classified as?
• Which laboratory phenomenon can affect uric acid testing results significantly?
• What enzyme deficiency leads to the condition known as phenylketonuria (PKU)?
• Which method is used to assay HDL fraction?
• Which lipoprotein is primarily affected in patients with a deficiency of Apo A-1?
• In which condition are ALP levels the highest?
• What HDL level is associated with a higher risk for coronary artery disease?
• If a 24-hour urine collection yields less than 0.8 g/day of creatinine, what does this typically indicate?
• Which cardiac marker is consistently increased in patients with unstable angina?
• In electrophoresis, what does the isoelectric point (pI) represent?
• The formula for calculation of eGFR requires which four parameters?
• What substrate is recommended by the IFCC for amylase?
• Which cardiac enzyme is primarily measured for damage in myocardial infarction?
• True or False? Assaying both amylase and lipase increases diagnostic sensitivity.
• Which of the following enzymes is classified as a transferase?
• Which enzyme is common to all enzymatic methods for triglyceride measurement?
• What secondary health issue is found in patients with Gaucher's Disease?
• Which stain is commonly used for lipoprotein electrophoresis?
• Direct LDL measurement is not subject to interference if triglycerides are below which level?
• What is deficient in Tangier's disease, a familial hypocholesterolemia?
• What is the dietary requirement before undergoing the O'Sullivan Glucose Tolerance Test?
• Anemias associated with chronic infection are characterized by what laboratory findings?
• What are the main proteins found in the gamma region during electrophoresis?
• One of the clinical applications of high resolution electrophoresis is the separation of proteins for which diagnosis?
• What type of electrophoresis is used to determine which immunoglobulin is in excess?
• What factor is primarily responsible for the deterioration of mental status in hepatic encephalopathy?
• How long does it take for myoglobin to return to normal levels following an AMI?
• What is a non-cardiac cause of elevated plasma CKMB?
• What does the screening test for gestational diabetes mellitus consist of?
• How much higher are transaminase levels in acute hepatitis compared to the upper reference level?
• True or False: Creatine Kinase (CK) is an enzyme primarily found in the heart.
• What does the A1c test reflect in terms of blood glucose levels?
• Which enzyme allows creatinine to be measured by coupling the creatinine amidohydrolase reaction to the peroxidase reaction?
• True or False: A low serum ferritin is diagnostic of iron deficiency.
• What causes Gaucher's Disease?
• What is the consequence of haptoglobin binding free hemoglobin?
• Which of the following is a suburban increase seen in intrahepatic obstruction?
• What are the two types of amylase?
• Excess of which hormone causes hyperglycemia by promoting gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis?
• Which hormone opposes the action of parathyroid hormone?
• Which enzyme is responsible for the metabolism of sphingolipids in Fabry Disease?
• What is one non-pancreatic condition linked to high amylase?
• What defines polyacrylamide electrophoresis (PAGE)?
• What HLA antigens are genetically associated with type 1 diabetes?
• In the context of iron metabolism, what is the primary role of the liver?
• What is a potential cause of high amylase other than pancreatitis?
• What are the substrates required for the enzymatic measurement of ammonia?
• What is one of the common clinical uses of polyacrylamide electrophoresis (PAGE)?
• What condition is indicated by elevated levels of indirect bilirubin?
• Which enzyme is deficient in Niemann Pick Disease?
• At what frequency is it recommended to obtain a lipid profile starting at age 20?
• Which isoenzymes retain activity after serum heating to 65 degrees Celsius for 10 minutes?
• What is another term used for prealbumin?
• What is a primary consequence of chronic ammonia elevation?
• What is the purpose of measuring urea in the blood?
• What is the clinical use of the prostatic acid phosphatase test?
• What is the primary use of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in clinical chemistry?
• What is Dubin-Johnson syndrome?
• If the first number in an Enzyme Commission number is 1, which class of enzyme does it represent?
• What conditions can result in low total protein and low albumin levels?
• What effect does cortisol have on blood sugar levels?
• What can be determined from a normal BNP result of less than 100 pg/mL?
• What is a significant symptom of Wilson's disease related to eye findings?
• What is the clinical utility of B-type natriuretic peptide?
• How is urea concentration calculated from Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)?
• What is a potential complication of untreated high bilirubin levels in a newborn?
• CSF glucose levels below which value indicate potential pathologies such as septic meningitis?
• What condition is typically characterized by elevated total protein with normal albumin levels?
• Which of the following statements is true concerning ceruloplasmin?
• What is required to form a holoenzyme?
• What is Fabry Disease classified as?
• From which tissues is ALP primarily derived in non-pregnant adults?
• Which two fractions are included in conjugated bilirubin?
• What is the primary outcome of hydrolyzing fatty acids bound to cholesterol using cholesterol esterase in assays?
• What fasting glucose level is diagnostic for diabetes mellitus?
• What clinical condition is often indicated by elevated alanine aminotransferase levels?
• Which element does transferrin primarily transport?
• Which enzyme is primarily involved in the metabolism of uric acid?
• What is the reference method for measuring serum glucose?
• How does exposure to light affect bilirubin?
• Light chains are proteins produced by what type of cells?
• What A.D.A recommended cutoff value indicates adequate control of blood glucose in diabetes?
• What are the absorbance maxima for NADH?
• What is the underlying cause of aminoaciduria in Fanconi Syndrome?
• Which enzymes require magnesium for full activation?
• What condition can interfere with the measurement of lactate dehydrogenase (LD)?
• Will ammonia cross the blood-brain barrier?
• Which diagnostic test is recommended to confirm Wilson's disease?
• High serum creatinine levels typically result from a reduction in what process?
• Which transaminase is far more specific for liver disease than the other?
• What conditions are commonly associated with a chronic inflammatory pattern in electrophoresis?
• When should the Glucose Tolerance Test be performed?
• What is a disadvantage of using high resolution (HR) agarose electrophoresis?
• Is troponin increased in cases of crush injuries?
• How long can urinary amylase remain elevated following an episode of pancreatitis?
• Other than pancreatitis, in which condition can lipase be increased?
• How many classes of enzymes are recognized in the enzyme classification system?
• Which proteins dominate the alpha 1 fraction?
• Should a patient be fasting to have an A1c drawn?
• Which laboratory finding is indicative of Iron Deficiency Anemia?
• Which of the following can cause elevated amylase levels?
• What type of electrophoresis is best for separating larger fragments of DNA?
• What are some advantages of high resolution (HR) agarose electrophoresis?
• In relation to concentration, what is the effect of an increase in absorptivity coefficient?
• What is the definition of impaired glucose tolerance?
• At what approximate time does serum lipase peak during pancreatitis?
• What is the role of alpha 1 acid glycoprotein in electrophoretic protein separation?
• Which dye is most specific for albumin measurement?
• What is the primary role of the buffer in electrophoresis?
• What test is most sensitive in detecting and evaluating the response to treatment in monoclonal gammopathies?
• Both AST and ALT transfer an amino group to which compound?
• What is defined as non-HDL cholesterol?
• In cases of extravascular hemolytic anemias, is urobilinogen excretion increased or decreased?
• A green colored solution would show the highest transmittance between which wavelengths?
• At what pH is most electrophoresis performed?
• During which term of pregnancy are ALP levels 2 to 3 fold higher than the upper reference limit?
• Which class of enzyme is designated by a first number of 2 in the Enzyme Commission number?
• Which of the following is a G-Hgb fraction?
• What is a typical result of elevated uric acid levels in the body?
• What is the order of ALP isoenzyme electrophoresis migration from slowest to fastest?
• What is the reference range for myoglobin in females?
• What is the role of ceruloplasmin in the serum?
• What is the appropriate fasting duration for a lipid study?
• What are the principal proteins of High-Density Lipoprotein (H.D.L)?
• In a lipid panel, which two tests are least affected by fasting?
• What is the primary clinical use of the prostatic acid phosphatase test?
• Homocystinuria is classified as what type of aminoaciduria?
• What is the basis of polarographic methods for glucose analysis?
• What is the optimum pH for the forward reaction of lactate dehydrogenase?
• Which value indicates poor control if an A1c level is higher than it?
• What causes the rise in serum conjugated bilirubin in hepatitis?
• What is the typical daily excretion range of creatinine for adults?
• What is the primary function of UDP glucuronyl transferase?
• What are the two types of amylase found in the human body?
• What is the stability duration of lactate dehydrogenase (LD) at room temperature?
• What aspect of polyacrylamide is notable concerning safety when preparing gels?
• How many subfractions are there of HDL?
• Which protein is primarily responsible for transporting iron in the blood?
• What happens to the charge of a protein when the pH is equal to its pI?
• When are pregnant women typically screened for gestational diabetes mellitus?
• What reagent is needed to generate a colored product in the cholesterol oxidase method?
• The reference method for serum lipase is based on what process?
• The D-xylose absorption test is primarily used to differentiate between which two conditions?
• What can cause clinical hypoglycemia?
• Which protein method is known for having the highest analytical sensitivity?
• What lipoprotein fraction accumulates in familial beta hyperlipoproteinemia?
• Which statement best describes the clinical utility of plasma homocysteine?
• What is reactive hypoglycemia characterized by?
• What is the main pathway for the excretion of urobilinogen?
• How soon does serum lipase become abnormal in cases of pancreatitis?
• What method does the IFCC recommend for measuring ALP?
• Which two hormones promote gluconeogenesis and increase blood sugar levels?
• Which of the following is a non-pancreatic condition that can cause elevated amylase levels?
• Which serum protein is primarily measured in a patient suspected of having Wilson's disease?
• What does the first number in an Enzyme Commission number indicate?
• People with unstable angina usually have troponin values between which ranges?
• What is the order of ALP isoenzyme electrophoresis migration from fastest to slowest?
• Why does the ADA not recommend whole blood glucose monitors for diagnosing diabetes?
• What are the only isoenzymes that retain activity when serum is heated to 65 degrees Celsius for 10 minutes?
• What role does B-type natriuretic peptide play during heart failure?
• Which substrate is used in the CK assay to activate the enzyme?
• If the pH is greater than the pI in electrophoresis, what charge will the molecule carry?
• Which symptom is commonly associated with Gaucher's Disease?
• What characterizes the condition known as PKU?
• In what condition can AST levels also be markedly elevated beside AMI?
• What diagnostic importance does the measurement of BUN serve?
• What is the normal kappa/lambda ratio for individuals with normal kidney function?
• Which enzyme's activity is often measured to assess liver function?
• When GGT is two-fold higher than ALP, what is generally assumed to be the source of elevated ALP?
• Which enzyme is most likely to be elevated in a muscle wasting disorder?
• Which enzyme is activated by calcium ions?
• Which property of molecules in electrophoresis aids in their separation?
• What condition is characterized by an accumulation of glycogen in tissues?
• What aspect of HDL cholesterol measurement does ultracentrifugation focus on?
• How many hours after an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) does plasma myoglobin become abnormal?
• What is the most common inherited hyperlipoproteinemia with a frequency of 1 in 500?
• What is Paget's Disease of bone characterized by?
• When does plasma CK-MB become abnormal after an infarction?
• Which hemoglobins migrate with hemoglobin C at pH 8.6?
• Which condition is associated with a high level of S-type amylase?
• In the enzymatic assay of bilirubin, how is the measurement of both total and direct bilirubin accomplished?
• Which condition has the lowest elevation of transaminases among the listed options?
• What role does albumin typically play during acute inflammation?
• At which wavelength does a red solution transmit light?
• By how much are plasma levels of total protein higher than serum levels?
• Von Gierke's Disease results from what type of genetic inheritance?
• Heat inactivation is primarily used to distinguish which two types of ALP?
• What is Wilson's disease?
• Point of care tests for whole blood glucose monitoring primarily use which detection method?
• What effect does nephrosis have on total protein levels?
• In the context of lipid studies, what does the acronym LDL stand for?
• How soon following acute abdominal pain due to pancreatitis is the serum amylase expected to rise?
• Which type of liver disease is associated with the greatest elevation of lactate dehydrogenase (LD)?
• Acute inflammation is characterized by an increase in acute phase proteins of which types?
• How many G-Hgb fractions are identified?
• Which of the following conditions can lead to reactive hypoglycemia?
• When the first number is 5 in the Enzyme Commission number, what class of enzyme is it?
• What does amperometry detect in a solution?
• Creatinine is formed from the degradation of which substance?
• The LD pleural fluid:serum ratio for a transudative fluid is usually what?
• What is the purpose of the saponification step in the Abel-Kendall method for cholesterol measurement?
• What is a common effect of dehydration on serum albumin levels?
• In which disease is the DeRitis ratio (ALT to AST) usually greater than 1.0?
• Which method is used to confirm gestational diabetes after an initial screening?
• What is the main enzyme that is deficient in Fabry Disease?
• What products are formed from the forward reaction of AST?
• What is Lucey-Driscoll syndrome?
• What is the typical change in ALT levels during AMI?
• What is the elevation factor of transaminases in hepatic cancer?
• What is required to prevent ketosis in type 1 diabetes?
• True or False: Exercise and intramuscular injections significantly increase total creatine kinase (CK) levels.
• What condition can cause high serum albumin levels?
• What is the method of choice for quantitatively determining Hgb A2 and Hgb F?
• What is Niemann-Pick Disease?
• What type of support medium can be utilized to determine the molecular weight of proteins in electrophoresis?
• Why are blood ammonia levels typically measured?
• CSF should be concentrated by what factor before performing Immunofixation electrophoresis to increase sensitivity?
• What type of protein is C-reactive protein?
• In the case of extrahepatic obstruction, how much can ALP levels increase?
• What is the coupling enzyme in the hexokinase method for glucose measurement?
• A red solution strongly absorbs light at which wavelength range?
• If less than 20% activity remains after heating serum to 56 degrees Celsius for 10 minutes, which ALP is most likely present?
• What condition results in the highest serum level of transaminases?
• What is Ponceau S?
• Which test is primarily used for confirming diabetes diagnosis?
• What primarily causes the increase in serum enzymes used to detect cholestatic liver disease?
• What is the main purpose of testing for serum prealbumin?
• Which of the following is a known cause of hypoalbuminemia?
• Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating glycogenolysis?
• Which of the following substances can act as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions?
• Where is V.L.D.L. primarily formed?
• How much can ALP levels reach in Paget's disease of the bone?
• At a pH of 8.6, proteins are charged in which way?
• What relationship does absorption have with concentration in absorption spectrophotometry?
• In which situation would an acute phase protein measurement be particularly useful?
• What is the formula for calculating time averaged blood glucose?
• What is the primary function of transferrin in the body?
• What is the order of mobility of lipoproteins electrophoresed at pH 8.6?
• What effect does an enzyme have on the rate of a chemical reaction?
• How soon after the onset of acute abdominal pain due to pancreatitis is serum amylase expected to rise?
• Which method is considered the reference method for HDL cholesterol measurement?
• How soon does serum lipase in pancreatitis become abnormal?
• Which of the following is NOT a symptom of von Gierke's Disease?
• Which bilirubin type is likely to be elevated in cases of hepatic necrosis?
• What is considered a normal range for A1c?
• What enzymes are involved in the coupling reaction of the Oliver-Rosalki method for CK activity measurement?
• Under what condition might total bilirubin levels be misleading in diagnosing liver disease?
• Uric acid is derived from the:
• Which type of fluid has an LD ratio of 1:2 or less typically?
• What does a significant elevation of ALP typically indicate?
• What is produced in the intestines through bacterial reduction of bilirubin?
• Which enzyme is considered most tissue specific?
• What is one of the primary causes of hyperglycemia in diabetes?
• Which type of gel electrophoresis is primarily used for protein separation based on size?
• Where is ALP primarily derived from in non-pregnant normal adults?
• In chronic hepatitis, how much higher than the upper reference level are transaminases typically found?
• How long does serum lipase remain abnormal in cases of pancreatitis?
• Heat inactivation is primarily used to distinguish which types of ALP?
• What is the recommended cutoff for early detection of chronic kidney disease in diabetics using microalbuminuria?
• How is blood bilirubin affected by levels of urobilinogen?
• What condition is associated with the highest levels of creatine kinase (CK)?
• What is the composition of Ehrlich's reagent?
• What is a common finding in both Niemann-Pick Disease and Gaucher's Disease?
• In hepatic cirrhosis, the beta-gamma bridging observed on serum protein electrophoresis results from the increased what?
• True or False? When testing for monoclonal gammopathy, both serum and urine must be tested.
• What deficiency causes Alkaptonuria?
• Which condition can lead to marked elevations in ALP due to extrahepatic obstruction?
• How does capillary electrophoresis differ from agarose gel electrophoresis?
• What is the peak time for plasma myoglobin levels following AMI?
• Which condition is most likely indicated by low levels of creatinine in the bloodstream?
• What is a common cause of falsely elevated ammonia levels?
• What effect does a high hematocrit have on POCT tests for whole blood glucose monitoring?
• Which enzyme elevates first during an acute myocardial infarction?
• What differentiates Wilson's disease from other conditions with low ceruloplasmin levels?
• What does glycated hemoglobin (G-Hgb) indicate?
• What organ is primarily affected by copper accumulation in Wilson's disease?
• What is the common characteristic of familial hypercholesterolemia?
• Which condition is often associated with the detection of beta 2 macroglobulin in urine?
• What is the most sensitive marker for alcoholic liver disease?
• In hemoglobin electrophoresis at pH 8.6, what is the correct order of hemoglobin migration?
• What is the reference range for Troponin?
• In which condition are ALP levels typically the highest?
• What is B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)?
• Which condition is associated with low serum iron and high total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)?
• Which of the following is detected using high resolution electrophoresis?
• True or False: Reye's Syndrome can lead to hepatic coma.
• What is the primary mineralocorticoid hormone that stimulates sodium reabsorption?
• What substrate is utilized in the Bowers-McComb method for ALP measurement?
• What type of jaundice occurs shortly after delivery and lasts 1-3 weeks, not related to common neonatal conditions?
• Which of the following conditions is associated with acute inflammation in electrophoresis?
• What does haptoglobin transport?
• What is the formula for Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) estimate?
• Group of patients with elevated ALP and GGT primarily indicates which of the following?
• What is used in the Jendrassik-Grof method to solubilize unconjugated bilirubin?
• What is a significant manifestation of Tangier's disease?
• What is a common treatment focus for managing familial hypercholesterolemia?
• What random glucose level is indicative of diabetes mellitus?
• If a 3-hour G.T.T is ordered, what amount of glucose load should be given?
• What does high resolution electrophoresis (HRE) utilize to achieve results?
• What effect do drugs such as chlorpromazine have on serum bilirubin levels?
• An A1C level greater than or equal to what percentage indicates diabetes mellitus?
• What is the primary use of agarose gel electrophoresis in a clinical setting?
• Within a plasma cell, what components come together to form immunoglobulins?
• Which apoprotein is inversely related to the risk of coronary heart disease?
• What condition is associated with hemolytic anemia and central nervous system damage in abetalipoproteinemia?
• When an increase in GGT is twofold higher than the increase in ALP, what is assumed to be the source of elevated ALP?
• Which of the following non-pancreatic conditions can cause a high amylase?
• In lipoprotein electrophoresis, which fraction migrates in the pre-beta zone?
• At what age is monoclonal gammopathy typically diagnosed in its nonmalignant form (MGUS)?
• What hemoglobin is a beta-delta chain hybrid and migrates to the same position as Hgb S at pH of 8.6?
• What does the term amphoteric refer to?
• What substrate is used in the Bowers-McComb method for measuring ALP?
• What product is formed from the forward reaction of ALT?
• What role does glucagon play in the body?
• What is another name for Hurler Syndrome?
• In what condition can AST levels reach 5-10 times the upper reference level?
• What enzyme deficiency is responsible for the symptoms of Hurler Syndrome?
• True or False? Proteins are amphoteric.
• In the Oliver-Rosalki method, what type of reaction is used to measure creatine kinase (CK) activity?
• Citrullinemia is classified as which type of disorder?
• C-reactive protein is an ultra-sensitive CRP assay that accurately measures CRP below what level?
• What buffer is used in the IFCC recommended Bowers-McComb method for ALP?
• Which test is commonly used to monitor long-term glucose control?
• Elevated levels of what are major risk factors for developing coronary heart disease?
• How does CSF glucose typically compare to plasma glucose?
• Will ammonia levels increase or decrease with storage?
• What mechanism leads to the increase in serum bilirubin when cholestasis occurs?
• Which isoenzyme of ALP is most heat stable?
• Excess iron leads to the saturation of which protein?
• Amylase is classified as what type of enzyme?
• Why are orders for uric acid a legitimate stat request?
• High total protein with low albumin is commonly associated with which condition?
• Which specific condition is characterized by low bilirubin secretion into bile?
• What is likely to cause a falsely low result when using the BCG dye binding assay for albumin?
• What enzyme deficiency is responsible for von Gierke's Disease?
• What type of bilirubin is primarily measured in the assessment of jaundice?
• What is the reference range for the CK Relative Index?
• Which isoenzyme of ALP migrates the farthest toward the anode during electrophoresis at pH 8.6?
• By how much can total CK increase in cases of crush injuries and muscular dystrophy?
• In Wilson's disease, what is the primary cause of neurological symptoms?
• What is the significance of glycated hemoglobin?
• What is the composition of High-Density Lipoprotein (H.D.L.)?
• Why are bilirubin levels usually higher in the first 24 hours after birth?
• In peroxidase coupled glucose methods, which reagent complexes with the chromogen?
• What abnormal laboratory result is commonly associated with von Gierke's Disease?
• Where is conjugated bilirubin excreted from the body?
• What is the equation for the CK Relative Index (CKI)?
• What role does aldosterone play in the body?
• Which type of electrophoresis is typically used to identify proteins found in multiple myeloma?
• What class of enzyme corresponds to a first number of 3 in the Enzyme Commission number?
• What is the primary cause of abetalipoproteinemia?
• What is the principle of the transcutaneous bilirubin assay?
• What is the basis of the Kjeldahl procedure for total protein?
• Which condition is notably associated with beta-gamma bridging?
• What effect can significant hemolysis have on serum CK levels?
• Hepatitis is classified as which type of aminoaciduria?
• Which two enzymes are primarily increased in necrotic liver disease?
• What accumulates in cells in Gaucher's Disease?
• What is the fasting glucose cutoff for diagnosing gestational diabetes?
• How many subfractions are there of LDL?
• What factor can lead to elevated ALP levels besides liver and bone diseases?
• Treatment recommendations for coronary heart disease are primarily based on the measurement of which lipid?
• What is Hurler Syndrome?
• What is the reference method for lipase activity based on?
• ALP levels can indicate increased activity in which organ during growth stages?
• What are the cutoff points for the glucose tolerance test for diagnosing gestational diabetes?
• An international unit of enzyme activity is defined as the quantity of enzyme that can:
• Bilirubin is produced from the destruction of which type of cells?
• Which enzyme is most specific for beta-D-glucose analysis?
• What is the most common method for measuring uric acid in serum or plasma?
• How is the enzymatic reaction for BUN measurement linked to ammonia levels?
• Which proteins are dominant in the beta globulin region during electrophoresis?
• What is the enzyme primarily elevated in Paget's disease?
• Which test is a marker for ischemic heart disease?
• What is the IFCC recommended method for measuring ALP?
• What is the main source of lactate dehydrogenase (LD-1 and LD-2) in the bloodstream?
• What significant marker can signify malnutrition in patients?
• What is the significance of glucose oxidase in biochemical assays?
• What is a common clinical use of plasma homocysteine measurement?
• What does GDM stand for?
• What is the common use of polyacrylamide electrophoresis (P.A.G.E)?
• In obstructive jaundice, what is the typical ratio of direct to total bilirubin?
• What is the peak time for myoglobin following an incident of AMI?
• Which enzyme deficiency can lead to unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in newborns?
• What does the biuret test detect?
• How does the lactate dehydrogenase (LD) activity of body fluids compare to serum?
• How are prealbumin levels typically measured?
• Which of the following best describes the consequence of hematologic variables on glucose testing?
• An ALP level that is two times the GGT is suggestive of which condition?
• How often should type 1 and type 2 diabetics be tested for microalbuminuria?
• Why are alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels higher in children compared to adults?
• Which bilirubin level is less sensitive and specific for liver disease than direct bilirubin?
• In which disease is beta glucocerebrosidase deficient?
• How many days does it take for AST to return to normal after AMI?
• Plasma troponin TnI and TnT become abnormal within how many hours?
• What is a prosthetic group in enzyme activity?
• What process leads to the failing re-excretion of conjugated bilirubin in hepatitis?
• Which process leads to the production of urea in the body?
• How long does lipase remain abnormal in pancreatitis?
• What is the most common support media used for electrophoresis in clinical specimens?
• Which enzyme is responsible for the conjugation of bilirubin?
• In electrophoresis, how is the rate of migration related to pI?
• What factor is used to describe the DeRitis ratio in patients with acute hepatitis?
• True or False: Diagnostic sensitivity is increased by assaying both amylase and lipase?
• Which test method is primarily associated with diagnosing organophosphate insecticide poisoning?
• What hormone is released from the kidney due to ineffective arterial pressure?
• Urinary amylase peaks concurrently with serum, but how long can it remain elevated?
• What is the equation for Beer's law?
• What is a common result of chronic inflammation observable in electrophoresis?
• Serum levels of amylase are expected to reach how many times the upper reference limit (URL) during pancreatitis?
• What is the typical range of serum lactate dehydrogenase elevation in pernicious anemia?
• Which isoenzyme of ALP is recognized for being most heat stable?
• In cases of extrahepatic obstruction, how much can ALP increase compared to the upper reference limit?
• True or False? Plasma levels of homocysteine are measured as an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease.
• How is the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis usually confirmed?
• What reagent is specifically used in the direct HDL cholesterol method?
• What type of samples are most suitable for protein electrophoresis?
• Does excess thyroid hormone cause hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia?
• A creatinine clearance below 60 mL/min indicates what regarding nephron capacity?
• Why is plasma not suitable for protein electrophoresis?
• What is microalbuminuria?
• Why is creatinine considered the substance of choice to measure endogenous renal clearance?
• Which cardiac marker derived from neutrophils predicts an increased risk for myocardial infarction?
• When heating serum to 56 degrees Celsius for 10 minutes, what indicates that bone ALP is present?
• Through which process does creatinine clearance typically occur?
• In the ultraviolet enzymatic method for BUN, what enzyme reaction is coupled with the urease reaction?
• Which factor does NOT affect the rate of migration in electrophoresis?
• What hemoglobin is the fastest of the normal hemoglobins?
• How are most enzymes monitored in clinical settings?
• Does slight hemolysis affect creatine kinase (CK) measurement?
• When does jaundice typically present in neonatal hyperbilirubinemia?
• In the liver, bilirubin is conjugated by the addition of which groups?
• What best describes the inheritance pattern of Galactosemia?
• What measurement serves as a sensitive and specific marker for hepatic and post-hepatic jaundice?
• When GGT levels are elevated more than ALP, what condition is suggested?
• What factors will slow down the migration of solutes in electrophoresis?
• Why is ALP higher in children than in adults?
• What is the significance of elevated Lipoprotein a in serum?
• What conditions are associated with secondary hypercholesterolemia due to high LDL levels?
• What effect does increasing the viscosity of the medium have on solute migration during electrophoresis?
• Total protein and albumin levels are about what percentage higher in ambulatory patients compared to others?
• What is the time frame for troponin TnI and TnT to return to normal?
• What is a characteristic outcome of high resolution electrophoresis?
• What impact do barbiturates have on serum bilirubin levels?
• Why is care necessary when preparing polyacrylamide gel?
• What is a common clinical scenario for measuring prostatic acid phosphatase?
• What is the primary source of plasma ammonia?
• Bilirubin is transported from reticuloendothelial cells to the liver by which protein?
• Type 2 diabetes is associated with which of the following?
• Which of the following best describes the relationship between urea and protein intake?
• At what wavelength is the absorbance change measured when monitoring enzyme activity involving NADH?
• What is required to saturate transferrin in Total Iron Binding Capacity tests?
• When does serum lipase typically peak in pancreatitis cases?
• How many hours does it usually take for CK-MB to return to normal levels after an infarction?
• With respect to A1c results, what does a level of 5.7% indicate?
• What happens to iron in its oxidized state (Fe3+)?
• What is the order of hemoglobin migration on citrate agar at pH 6.2?
• Which enzyme is known to be depressed in cases of liver disease?
• What proteins are typically found in the alpha 2 fraction?
• Which lipoprotein fraction carries most of the endogenous triglycerides?
• What is one potential clinical significance of monitoring myeloperoxidase levels?
• At what bilirubin level is UV light treatment typically initiated for neonates?
• In obstructive jaundice, is urobilinogen excretion increased or decreased?
• What method is employed to determine BUN electrochemically?
• How is Lipoprotein a measured in the laboratory?
• Which factor is considered when determining eGFR using the appropriate formula?
• What is the most common plasma cell disorder?
• Which condition is classified as a renal type of aminoaciduria?
• In which condition is a significant elevation of aldolase most likely observed?
• In the context of ALP measurements, what does "URL" stand for?
• Which isoenzyme of ALP migrates the farthest toward the anode during electrophoresis at pH of 8.6?
• Which of the following is NOT a cause of hypoalbuminemia?
• What are cofactors in the context of enzyme function?
• What is the 2-hour glucose criteria for diagnosing diabetes mellitus after ingestion of 75 grams of glucose?
• What does an elevation of ALP without concurrent GGT elevation typically suggest?
• Which condition is indicative of an increased ALP and GGT ratio?
• How is a nonkinetic enzyme assay described?
• What is a potential implication of having a low A1c level?
• Which enzyme is more specific for acute myocardial infarction?
• Which ALP isoenzyme is associated with lung cancer?
• Which hormone is secreted in response to low blood sugar levels?
• Which test assesses the absorption of monosaccharides by the intestines?
• How does hemolysis affect AST and ALT levels?
• Which troponin isoenzyme is more commonly elevated in renal failure patients?
• Which of the following is a common clinical use of agarose gel electrophoresis?
• Which cardiac enzyme is involved in diagnosing myocardial infarction?
• Which condition is associated with high levels of S-type amylase?
• Which class of enzyme is indicated by a first number of 6 in the Enzyme Commission number?
• Oligoclonal banding is seen in the CSF of greater than what percentage of multiple sclerosis cases?
• What is the principal apoprotein found in Low-Density Lipoprotein (L.D.L)?
• Which test is primarily used to assess protein concentration in serum?
• Which hemoglobin is the slowest of the normal hemoglobins during electrophoresis?
• Which of the following is a known characteristic of bilirubin?
• What compound may interfere with lipase testing, resulting in false elevations?
• High levels of homocysteine are toxic to which part of the body?
• What happens to protein migration in electrophoresis as buffer ionic strength increases?
• What buffer is used in the IFCC recommended Bowers-McComb method for ALP?
• Which hemoglobins migrate with hemoglobin S at pH 8.6?
• An ALP level that is two times the GGT is suggestive of what condition?
• What condition produces the highest elevation of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LD)?
• What condition is associated with hyperuricemia?
• Which method is most effective in assessing cardiac muscle damage?
• What is a common cause for elevation of pseudcholinesterase in the serum?
• Which of the following factors affects the rate of migration of ions in electrophoresis?
• If the pH is less than the pI in electrophoresis, what will the charge be?
• Which amino acids accumulate in Maple Syrup Disease?
• Which cardiac enzyme remains elevated the longest following an acute myocardial infarction?
• What is the implication of an A1C result of 5.7%-6.4%?
• What inherited condition results from the absence of UDP-glucuronyl transferase?
• What condition is associated with hypertriglyceridemia?
• The timed rate of current increase is proportional to which of the following?
• What is Fanconi Syndrome characterized by?
• What mechanism causes elevated plasma levels of beta lipoproteins in familial hypercholesterolemia?
• Is lipase increased in mumps, malignancy, or ectopic pregnancy?
• Which test becomes abnormal in the earliest stage of coronary syndrome?
• True or False: Polyunsaturated and cis monounsaturated fatty acids are associated with increased production of LDL cholesterol.
• What change in enzyme levels suggests a more pure obstructive pathology?
• What genetic inheritance pattern does Wilson's disease follow?
• What percentage does A1c make up of the glycated hemoglobin?
• When does CK-MB typically peak after an infarction?
• A first number of 4 in the Enzyme Commission number refers to which class of enzyme?
• In obstructive processes, is conjugated bilirubin typically increased or decreased?
• In the measurement of lactate dehydrogenase (LD), how does the rate of the pyruvate-to-lactate reaction compare to the forward reaction?
• When GGT is elevated more than ALP, what condition is suggested?
• The isoelectric point of most proteins generally falls within which range?
• How long is lactate dehydrogenase stable when refrigerated?
• Urea is primarily produced from the catabolism of which substances?
• What is the formula for calculating percent saturation of iron?